1. Structure
The structure of the small reactor is basically the same. In addition to the reactor body, there are also transmission devices, stirring and heating (or cooling) devices, etc., which can improve the heat transfer conditions, make the reaction temperature control more uniform, and do not enhance the mass transfer process.
2. Operating pressure
The small reactor has higher operating pressure. The pressure in the kettle is caused by a chemical reaction or formed by a temperature increase. The pressure fluctuates greatly, and sometimes the operation is unstable. The sudden pressure increase may exceed the normal pressure several times. Therefore, most reactors are pressure vessels.
3. Operating temperature
Small reactors have relatively high operating temperatures, and chemical reactions usually need to be carried out under certain temperature conditions, so the reactors bear both pressure and temperature. There are usually the following methods to obtain high temperature:
1, water heating
It can be used when the temperature is not high. The heating system has two types: open type and closed type.
2, steam heating
When the heating temperature is below 100℃, it can be heated with steam below one atmosphere; in the range of 100~180℃, saturated steam is used; when the temperature is higher, high-pressure superheated steam can be used.
3, heating with other media
If the process requires high-temperature operation or high-pressure heating systems are to be avoided, other media can be used instead of water and steam, such as mineral oil (275～300℃), diphenyl ether mixture (boiling point 258℃), molten salt (140～540℃), liquid lead (melting point 327℃), etc.
4, electric heating
The resistance wire is wound on the insulating layer of the reactor cylinder, or installed on a special insulator a few distances away from the reactor. Therefore, a small space gap is formed between the resistance wire and the reactor body.
The first three methods to obtain high temperature all need to add a jacket on the kettle body. Due to the large temperature change, the jacket and shell of the kettle are subjected to temperature changes and produce temperature difference pressure. When electric heating is used, the equipment is lighter and simpler, the temperature is easier to adjust, and it does not require pumps, furnaces, chimneys and other facilities. It is also very simple to start. The risk is not high, the cost is lower, but the operating cost is higher than other heating methods, and the thermal efficiency It is below 85%, so it is suitable for places where the heating temperature is below 400℃ and the price of electricity is low.
Four, mixing structure
Chemical reactions are usually carried out in small reactors. In order to ensure that the reaction can proceed evenly and quickly and improve efficiency, the reactor is usually equipped with a corresponding stirring device, so that the dynamic seal of the drive shaft and the prevention of leakage problem.
5. The work of the small reactor
The reactor is mostly operated in gaps. Sometimes to ensure product quality, it needs to be cleaned after each batch is discharged; the top of the reactor is equipped with quick-opening manholes and hand holes for easy sampling, volume measurement, reaction observation and access to the internal maintenance of the equipment.
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